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Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters

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Environmental Microbiology (EM)  |  Microbial Ecology and Diversity

Microbiol. Biotechnol. Lett. 2024; 52(3): 233-254

https://doi.org/10.48022/mbl.2406.06007

Received: June 14, 2024; Revised: August 28, 2024; Accepted: August 30, 2024

An Overview of Extremophile: Microbial Diversity, Adaptive Strategies, and Potential Applications

Meglali Amina* and Ghellai Lotfi

Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants (LBPVBP), Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Saida – Dr. Moulay Tahar, 20000 Saida, Algeria

Correspondence to :
Amina Meglali,          meglaliamina@gmail.com

Abstract

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The microorganisms that live under extreme conditions on Earth are known as extremophiles. They possess an extraordinary capability to endure extreme conditions, including salinity, temperature variations, pH, desiccation, and nutrient scarcity, among others. These organisms, including a vast array of bacteria, eukarya, and archaea, have evolved specialized structural and functional adaptations that make them capable of thriving in extremely selective environments in such a way that they showcase remarkable adaptations that push the limits of what we consider habitable. This capability results in valuable compounds with great potential for developing novel pharmaceuticals and biotechnological innovations. The present review paper aims to summarize current knowledge on the diversity of extremophilic microorganisms and the adaptive strategies employed to face such a range of extreme conditions. Particular attention will be given to temperature, salinity, pH, and desiccation adaptation. The review also highlights their potential applications, specifically focusing on pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.

Keywords: Extremophiles, extreme conditions, diversity, adaptive strategies, pharmaceutical, biotechnological applications

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